The Management of Natural Resources in Indonesia
1. The understanding of natural resource management
The concept of biological natural resources management begins with an understanding of the elements and the associated value of the existence of the elements of the resource.
Management of natural resources intended to maintain and improve the quality of the environment, safe and humane guaranteed. Only in high quality environmental conditions, humans get more benefit from environmental risks.
More specifically the definition of natural resource management includes two things as follows:
1) Human effort in changing natural resources ecosystem in order to obtain maximum benefit (maximum yield) and sustained yield (sustained yield).
2) The process of allocating SDA in space and time to meet human needs with constantly striving:
a. Considerations between human populations and resources.
b. Prevention of damage to natural resources (and environment).
Therefore the scope of natural resources is the inventory of planning, implementation / utilization and control / supervision. Basically only natural resources that can be recovered / renewable are actually managed.
2. Management of natural resources in rural and urban areas
A. Development of Rural Water Resources Management
The natural resources of a region are all materials that are owned by a region naturally. That is, these resources have been provided by nature arising as a result of natural processes and useful to human life. Natural resources include all elements of environmental, biological and physical (biophysical) structures that are visually or potentially life-sustaining and fulfilling human needs.
The nature of the distribution of natural resources is geographically uneven in this world. Where between one region with other regions have natural resources that are not equal to each other. In the sense that there is no one region in the world that has the same natural resource potential as any other region. It is necessary to get serious attention, that the existence of natural resources is increasingly important, because of the demand and use of natural resources between regions due to economic, social, industrial, climate and others.
The development of civilization as well as the socioeconomic structure of the community of a region also provides great pressure and influence in determining the types and resources needed and how the management, utilization or use of those resources. This causes between one region and another to arise interdependence with each other. The absence or disadvantage of a particular resource for a region will be met from other areas that have the advantages over such resources, and vice versa. This can be done through various mechanisms or cooperation agreed upon by these areas.
Broadly speaking, natural resources can be classified into two main parts:
1) Natural Resources; includes all renewable natural resources. In the sense, natural resources that can be cultivated or can be cultivated, such as plants (plants), animals (livestock, marine animals and others), coral reefs and so others.
2) Non-biological Natural Resources; encompasses all natural resources with its main features is non-renewable by humans. This means that if the natural resources are unexpectedly exploited it will accelerate the destruction of such non-biological natural resources, such as land, oil, minerals or minerals (such as nickel, copper, zinc, iron, tin, gold and others) .
In the rural natural resource management system has implemented a system of natural resource management that is oriented to local interest which living in and or around it that apply environmental sustainability and carrying capacity, that is the pattern of natural resource management based on the principles of Sustainabillity . One community may have the same characteristics as other indigenous peoples in general, in the management of the natural resources of each clearing of their land following the pattern of the garden, into the Talun and finally to the forest again and then leave them to open up another new land that they think is still fertile within the territory, someday they will come back again to the place they had been forcing to open and manage it on and on.
Local wisdom plays a role in the management of natural resources and the environment. However, local wisdom is also not free from various challenges, such as the continued increase in population, modern technology and culture, large capital and poverty and inequality. The prospects of local wisdom in the future are heavily influenced by community knowledge, technological innovation, market demand, utilization and conservation of biodiversity in the environment as well as various government policies that directly relate to natural resource and environmental management and the role of local communities.
B. Development of Urban Resource Management
This kind of Management is very different from rural areas, where in the region there are still many areas full of natural resources, whereas urban has been very minimal, because of the increasing number of people in the region. If human pupolation is increasing, the fewer natural resources available in this urban area. Therefore, many natural resources are used but in the wrong way, that is by destroying other natural resources. The number of urban apartments is very destructive to the existing natural resources. Therefore, urban areas need green open space so that the natural resources in it can continue to provide benefits without adversely affecting people.
3. Principals involved in natural resource management
Government as the holder of legislative and regulatory control of the nation and state, has made various provisions or regulations in the effort to maintain and manage natural resources in Indonesia. The legislation is made to regulate and supervise every business entity utilizing natural resources to take responsibility in its management and crack down on the exploiters who violate the rules and exploit without permission, In order not to happen the scarcity of natural resources that will impact on the people.
the current management of natural resources is to open investment opportunities as much as possible through investors both domestic investors and overseas investors while still striving to provide opportunities for local communities to become a power in companies that invest and given the role of managing its natural wealth.
In addition, the community should also assist the government in the management of natural resources, by reporting to the local government if there are parties who violate the rules or want to exploit without permission.
And private parties who are authorized by the government can also manage natural resources such as mining that is not managed by SOEs.
So, actually all parties mentioned above can manage the natural resources in Indonesia, but again they must follow the rules in the management of the applicable natural resources.
4. The problems frequently encountered in an effort to the management of natural resources
The management of natural resources becoming an important issues for developing great economic this era and future.Various problem appeared and causing the damage of natural resource and environment surrounder , this case skeptically give such a big impact for the live of living creature .
Some basic issues can be spelled out below:
1. The declining condition of Indonesia's forests
Forest is one of the important resources, not only in supporting the national economy but also in maintaining the environmental carrying capacity to balance the world's ecosystems. Indonesia is the country with the largest forest area compared to other ASEAN countries. However, with the Philippines, Indonesia has the highest rate of deforestation. The rate of deforestation in the period 1985-1997 was 1.6 million hectares per year rising to 2.1 million hectares per year in the period 1997-2001. One of the consequences is the number of endangered Indonesian wildlife compared to other ASEAN countries.
2. Watershed Degradation
The practice of illegal logging and land conversion has had a wide impact, namely the destruction of ecosystems in the watershed. As a result, the critical watershed increased from the original 22 watersheds in 1984 to consecutive 39 and 62 watersheds in 1992 and 1998. Currently, approximately 282 watersheds are in critical condition. The watershed damage is also driven by the lack of coordinated management of watersheds upstream and downstream as well as weak institutions. This will threaten the balance of the ecosystem extensively, especially the much-needed water supplies and supplies for irrigation, agriculture, industry, and household consumption.
3. Coastal and marine ecosystem habitats are increasingly damaged
Damage to ecosystem habitat in coastal and marine areas is increasing, especially in densely populated areas such as the northern coast of Java Island and the east coast of Sumatra Island. The destruction of coastal ecosystem habitats such as deforestation of mangrove forests and the degradation of most coral reefs and seagrass beds has resulted in coastal erosion and reduced biodiversity. This erosion is also exacerbated by spatial planning and regional development that are less precise. Some of the activities suspected to be the cause of coastal erosion include the taking of sea sand for coastal reclamation, hotel construction, and other activities aimed at utilizing the beach and its waters. Meanwhile, sedimentation rates damaging coastal waters are also increasing. Several river estuaries in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Java have a rapid sedimentation, due to the high rate of sedimentation caused by activities on the land that are not done properly, even ignoring ground conservation principles. In addition, pollution levels in some coastal and marine areas are also in a very poor condition. The main source of coastal and marine pollution comes mainly from land, namely industrial activities, households, and agriculture. The source of pollution also comes from various activities at sea, mainly from sea transportation activities and oil carriers and mining activities. Illegal and illegal fishing practices and coral reef mining are still occurring everywhere that exacerbate coastal and marine ecosystem habitat conditions.
4. Image of mining that damage the environment
The nature of mining business , especially an open mine ( open pit mining ) , always change the landscape so as to affect the ecosystem and habitat of the original .On a large scale ,It will disturb the balance the ecological functions and have a bad impact for human life .This kind of business of mining tending to rejected the community .The imagery made worse by the large number of mining without permission which is very destructive to the environment
5. The high threat against biodiversity
90 species of flora and 176 fauna on the island of Sumatra are threatened with extinction. The population of orang-utans in Kalimantan shrank sharply, from 315,000 in 1900 to 20,000 in 2002. Mangrove forests in Java and Kalimantan shrank sharply, with the destruction of various ecosystems. The picture places Indonesia in a critical position based on the IUCN Red Data Book (International Union of Conservation of Nature). On the other hand, the conservation of native germplasm of Indonesia has not gone well. Ecosystem and illegal hunting, which has a low public awareness, poses a major threat to biodiversity in Indonesia.
6. Water pollution escalated
A study in 20 rivers of West Java in 2000 showed that the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) numbers exceeded the threshold. Similar indications are also present in the Brantas Basin, coupled with high ammonia content. Industrial, agricultural, and household waste is the largest contributor to water pollution. Surface water quality of lakes, situ, and other common waters also indicates a poor condition. Generally caused by the growth of phitoplankton excessive (blooming), causing excessive phosphate compound pile. The death of fish in Lake Singkarak (1999), Maninjau Lake (2003) and the disappearance of several places in Jabodetabek show high sedimentation and surface water pollution. Groundwater conditions, especially in urban areas, are also alarming because of the intrusion of seawater and found many bacteria Escherichia Coli and heavy metals that exceed the threshold.
7. Air quality decreased
Air quality in 10 major cities in Indonesia is quite alarming, and in six cities including Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Jambi and Pekan Baru in a year, only enjoyed clean air for22 to 62 days. Compounds that need serious attention are particulates (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Air pollution is mainly caused by vehicle and industrial exhaust gases, forest fires, and lack of green cover in urban areas. This is also exacerbated by the declining global quality of the atmosphere due to the destruction of the ozone distratosphere due to the accumulation of chemical compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halon, carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide commonly used as refrigerant air conditioning machines, refrigerators, sprays, and foam. they are ozone depleting substances (ODS) or ODS (ozone depletingsubstances). Indonesia is bound by the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol that have been ratified to participate in reducing the use of BPO, but it is difficult to implement because the replacement material is still scarce and the price is relatively expensive. In addition to the above problems, there are also other issues that have recently become very prominent, including problems as a result of disasters and other environmental problems that occur due to seasonal natural phenomena
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8. The low level of public awareness in the maintenance of the environment
People generally assume that natural resources will be available indefinitely in unlimited quantities, free of charge. Water, air, climate, and other natural resources are regarded as God's endless grace. Similarly, the view that the environment will always be able to restore the carrying capacity and the sustainability of its own functions. Such a view is very misleading, consequently the community is not motivated to participate in maintaining the natural resources and the environment around it. This is complicated by fundamental problems such as poverty, ignorance and greed.
5. Policies that frequently commited in structure mastery of natural resources
In accordance with the law number 32 years 2004 on local government and the government regulation no. 25 years 2000 about governance and provincial authority as autonomous regions, in the field of environmental political giving recognition through a transfer authority of the central government to the regions , are :
a. Put the areas in an important position of environmental management.
b. Require local initiatives in designing policies
c. Building interdependence relationships between regions
d. Establish a territorial approach
And the consequences of the Law No. 32 in 2004 with Government Regulation No. 25 of 2000 on the Management of the environment point hit the local government, then the national policy in the field of the environment as a hardcore PROPENAS to formulate a program called as the construction of natural resources and environment, the program include :
· Program of Development and Enhancement Access to Natural Resources and Environment Information.
· Management Effectiveness Improvement Program.
· Program for Prevention and Control of Environmental Damage and Pollution.
· Institutional Arrangement and Law Enforcement Program.
· Program for Increasing the Role of Communities in Natural Resource Management and the preservation of environmental functions.
There are several benchmarks in every utilization of natural resources , those are :
1) The desired effectiveness and yield should be seen in the optimal constraints with regard to the preservation of natural resources that may be achieved.
2) Not reduce the ability and sustainability of other related natural resources in an ecosystem
3) Provide the possibility to make choices of use in future development
In The Law No.32 of 2004 on the protection and management of the environment (Chapter 1, General provisions, article 1) there are points that can be a guideline of natural resources management policies and the environment for company , that must be prepared and done by itself or government in order to preserve the natural resources
1) Preservation of environmental functions
A series of efforts to support the sustainability of environmental carrying capacity and capacity.
2) Sustainable development
A conscious and planned effort that combines environmental, social, and economic aspects towards a development strategy to ensure the integrity of the environment and the safety, abilities, welfare, and quality of life of present and future generations.
3) An analysis of environmental impacts, hereinafter referred as Amdal
Policy on the significant impacts of a planned business and / or activity on the environment necessary for decision-making processes in business activities.
4) Efforts on environmental management and environmental monitoring efforts, hereinafter referred as UKL-UPL
Management and monitoring of businesses and / or activities that have no significant environmental impacts that are necessary for the decision-making process in activities.
5) Conservation of natural resources
Natural resource management to ensure its wise utilization and continuity of its availability while maintaining and enhancing the quality of value and diversity.
6) The standard criteria for environmental damage
The size of the boundary changes in the physical, chemical, and / or biological properties of the environment that can be at the grace of the environment to keep performing its functions.
7) Dumping (disposal)
Activity of making, placing and entering waste or other materials in the amount of concentration, time, and location with certain requirements to certain environmental media.
8) Environmental Audit
Evaluation undertaken to assess the compliance of the party responsible for the business or activity against the legal requirements and policies issued by the government.
9) Environmental economic instruments
A set of economic policies to encourage governments, local governments, and everyone towards environmental conservation
10) Environmental permit
Permit granted to any person undertaking a business or activity which is required by AMDAL or UKL-UPL in the framework of environmental protection and management as a condition for obtaining a business license.
6. The Domination of Natural Resources in Indonesia
Domination of Natural Resource Management In Indonesia are divided by 2 categories of business entities, there are state-owned enterprises and private business entities. Both of business entities work gather for management Indonesia's natural resources. In the forest sector, Indonesia owns PT Perkebunan Nusantara and 274 concession holders with arable area of 20,899,673 ha. While the forestry companies that enter the SOEs are only 3 companies, there are Perum Perhutani, PT Perkebunan Nusantara, and PT Inhutani.
In the water sector, Indonesia has one company namely Perum Jasa Tirta which is one of its business is providing raw water, and also 50 bottled drinking water companies there for Indonesia. In the oil and gas sector there is one and only state company namely Pertamina, and 41 private oil and gas companies. Unfortunately,Almost all coal minerals in Indonesia are managed by private entities, such as PT Freeport Indonesia, PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara, PT Newmont Minahasa Raya and others.
Based on the data below, it can be seen that the management of natural resources in Indonesia is more likely done by private entities rather than state-owned enterprises. It makes the goal of achieving the prosperity of natural resource management seems difficult to achieve, because it has been dominated by private business entities that not giving Indonesia a big deal, all they can did for the contribution is just taxes .
7. Particular case and the analysis
A. CASE 1
[ Friday, 4 November 2011 11:48 WIB ]
Freeport As Source Problem Of Papua Citizens
TRIBUNNEWS.COM, JAKARTA - The mining activities of PT Freeport McMoran Indonesia (Freeport) in Papua, starting from 1967 and Had exploited for 44 years. All this time, Freeport's business and economic activities in Papua have made huge financial returns for these foreign companies.
DPN Repdem Chairman Masinton Pasaribu explained that the net income of PT Freeport Indonesia, per day reached US $ 20 million or if multiplied by 31 days the result is: US $ 620 Million (about 5.5 trillion rupiahs ). If PT Freeport Indonesia ‘s income amounts to US $ 589 million per month, Freeport's net income is approximately 70 trillion rupiah annually, when multiplied by 44 years of Freeport's presence in Indonesia, its net profit reaches 3,000 trillion, a number quite fantastic.
"Freeport's profit can cover Indonesia's foreign debt amounting to 1,700 trillion rupiah which has been borne by the people of Indonesia," Masinton asserted, Friday (04/11/2011).
The presence of Freeport, according to Masinton, is the source of all problems for the people of Papua, the dredged natural wealth is not used to build the welfare of the people of Papua.
In fact, he said, Freeport mobilized TNI / Polri military apparatus to secure its interests in Papua, by pouring trillions of rupiah into the TNI / Polri Freeport to change the loyalty of the state servant and the people to become Freeport's servants.
"99 per cent of Freeport's profits from Papua land were brought to the United States, only 1 per cent given to Indonesia, from a small share of the profits handed over to Indonesia, was only enjoyed by a handful of entrepreneurs and central officials in Jakarta such as Ginanjar Kartasasmita, Bakrie group Abdul Latif , as well as local officials in Papua, "he said.
Therefore, the agenda of the struggle, expelling Freeport from Indonesia, is important because Freeport is a key key that must be opened to begin nationalizing all Indonesia's foreign-controlled assets such as Chevron, Exxon, Total, Shell, Newmont, CNOOC and others.
B. CASE 2
[ Tuesday, May 13, 2014 | 10:07 ]
[ Tuesday, May 13, 2014 | 10:07 ]
Famine in Papua Apprehensive
[TIMIKA] Amungme Tribe community leaders in Mimika Regency, Papua, Thomas Wanmang reveal cases of hunger or crisis in Kampung Jewa, Aroanop, Tembagapura District that has lasted several months.
Thomas told Antara in Timika on Tuesday (13/5), He said the case of famine occurred in Kampung Jewa should not be done if Mimika regency, PT Freeport Indonesia, Amungme and Kamoro Community Development Agency (LPMAK) are concerned about the community.
"It's a strange thing, we have a world class gold-mine but our citizens are dead on the natural wealth that we have, we ask that this issue should be ranked," Thomas said.
According to him, the situation that happened in Kampung Jewa could be and also experienced by the people of Papua in the villages inland and vice versa in Mimika Regency as long as those who benefit from local government and other parties.
"if Jewa, Aroanop get starve, how about other villages which far from the Freeport area," Thomas said with concern.
Related to the famine case in Kampung Jewa, LPMAK plans to immediately send a package of relief materials needed to help people who are experiencing food crisis.
LPMAK staff, Petrus Mitakda, said that aid in the form of rice, instant noodles, cooking oil and others will be sent to Jewa by helicopter within the next one or two days.
No later than today (Tuesday, May 13, 2014) we have distributed aid to Jewa using two Air Airfast flights, "explained Peter.
As the report entitled LPMAK, a dozen heads of families in Jewa village, Aroanop Baca in the last few months.
The food crisis occurred because of very high rainfall in Jewa village since January. The gardens owned by residents planted with taro and various types of tubers with landslide facilities.
Residents look for another village such as Aroanop to Banti Tembagapura to be able to conduct life defense from hunger.
The local community leader, Yulius Miagonis, recognition of the crisis conditions that occurred in Jewa has been going on for quite some time, requiring consultations from various parties including PT Freeport Indonesia and Mimika Regency.
"Based on the information we received from the public, so far there have been no reports of people who died because of the famine case in Jewa We call attention from all parties, especially PT Freeport or Mimika regency considering that the village of Jewa is in the area of Mimika Regency," said Julius . [Ant / L-8]
C. ANALYSIS
Economic robbery and exploitation of natural resources by western IMPREALISM takes place in Papua. Mining giant gold and copper is now changing drastically, from the mountain is now a lake. No wonder the Papuans want to separate themselves, because they have been fooled socially, economically and culturally. As a gold mine producing area, the land of Papua can gain a profit of US $ 19 million or approximately Rp 114 billion per day for PT Freeport Indonesia, a US-owned foreign company already operating for 50 years in Papua.
Since 1967, PT Freeport Indonesia (FI) operates and exploits natural resources (SDA) in the land of Papua. More than 2.6 million hectares of land have been exploited, including 119,435 hectares of protected forest and 1.7 million hectares of conservation forest.
Indigenous people's land rights were also evicted. From the results of the exploitation, every day, the average giant company and the largest contributor of the gold industry in the US was able to achieve a profit of Rp 114 billion per day. If the profit is multiplied by 30 days, the profit of PT FI reaches US $ 589 million or around Rp 3.534 trillion per month. Stay multiplied in 12 months, the profit of PT FI reaches Rp 70 trillion per year.
Based on the report of the work contract between the Indonesian government and PT FI valid since December 1991 up to that time, the contribution of the mining company to the Indonesian government is only about US $ 12 billion per year.
Various circles judge, such a contribution is certainly not comparable with the results of exploitation obtained by PT FI. This is because based on the results of the financial statements of PT FI in 2010, the mining company is able to sell 1.2 billion pounds of copper with an average price of US $ 3.69 per pound. In addition, in 2010 PT FI has also sold 1.8 million ounces of gold with an average price of US $ 1,271 per ounce, so if calculated on average with the exchange rate of Rp 9,000 at the time, the total sales of PT FI reached around Rp 60 , 01 trillion.
Therefore, various circles urged the Indonesian government to review the contract of work. Little royalty is only 1% very harmful to Indonesia. If this is allowed and the government does not respond quickly to the suffering of the Papuan people's hunger, it does not rule out the unity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia will be increasingly threatened.
This is because since the presence of PT FI, Papuans feel they are not getting good protection from the Indonesian government. Moreover, natural exploitation conducted by PT FI has been considered not to benefit the local indigenous people. Since the arrival and arrival of the US mining company, the independence of indigenous Papuans is threatened. Even some felt that their independence had been seized. This is because much of the customary land that has been the source of life of indigenous peoples is lost and turned into a mining area that can not be enjoyed by the community. In addition to taking quick and precise steps to overcome the famine in Papua, the government must immediately reorganize the work contract with Freeport because it has harmed the Papuan people.
The right to customary land ownership must be restored, and the land ownership structure that has generated inequality should be completely revamped, as mandated by UUPA No 50 of 1960 and Article 33 of the original 1945 Constitution. What does Freeport mean, what is the exploitation of natural resources, if it does not lead to a better change for the life of mankind. Of course it becomes meaningless if only to feel possessed, but can never enjoy it.
life of a nation like a throne chair, if broken or partially broken then limp a nation. And die a nation if the law can be bought with money, and its thinkers lie lie while he knows it-then for some reason he just stays transfixed, then gives up in a shackle of fetters called POWER.
References
Pongtuluran, Yonathan. 2015. Manajemen Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan. Yogyakarta. Penerbit Andi
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http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/24803
http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/24803
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